Write-Ups

IBC provides a standard for data structures, semantics, protocol, and framework that enables every blockchain implementing IBC to authenticate and transport data among them in a permissionless manner, providing interoperability.

In our previous article, we briefly discussed the formation of the Merkle Tree using the Reed Solomon Code. In this […]

The Internet is a network of independent computers connecting to share data (whether to read, write, store, or all). Similarly, connects separate blockchains. As the internet uses HTTP protocol, Cosmos uses IBC protocol.

Ever wondered how satellite communication works when there is so much noise in the environment? Or how can we still […]

In recent times, we on twitter are witnessing a frequent discussion about the Data Availability Problem and its importance. There […]

This article explores the different types of rollups i.e. Sovereign, enshrined, Smart Contract and settlement Rollups. Click to read more

Optimism is an EVM compatible rollup, which has an upgrading coming out in Q4 of 2022 named Optimism bedrock. Read more in this publication.

TL;DR: In this article, we are gonna discuss what resource pricing in blockchain means and how we can limit and […]

ZK-SNARKs are mostly popular for publicly verifiable computations. They rely on common reference strings (CRS) for proving and verifying. Subversion […]

Special thanks to Shakeib Shaida and Zainab Hasan for reviewing my article. Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographically advanced proofs which are […]

Celestia is a Modular Blockchain which separates data availability layer from execution and settlement layers. Click to learn more about Celestia.

Introduction Learning zero knowledge can feel like an impossible task, especially for people who have very little exposure to cryptography […]

STARKs revolves around the idea of computational integrity, which essentially means that the output of a specific computation is correct. […]

Extracting MEV incurs externalities, like increasing the congestion of the network and gas wars which eventually increase gas costs for […]

Currently at Xord we are researching ZK-SNARKs in depth.  Although Maksym Petkus does an excellent job of explaining why and […]

Introduction In my previous research we discussed about Lattice-based cryptography and now we will use lattice cryptography to built our […]

Introduction So what exactly is Lodestar? As the name implies, it is the star that guides our path towards a […]

Introduction: Encryption programs are genuinely designed to destroy the relation between plain text and the corresponding ciphertext. A good encryption […]

Introduction I want to share our roller-coaster ride to open-source contribution in Ethereum, which started with exploring the Ethereum client […]

This article is greatly inspired by Vitalik explanation on Quadratic arithmetic programs(QAPs). In this article we are going to take a […]

Introduction: For the last few years, quantum computers have been in the news and mathematicians and cryptographers are concerned with […]

Introduction: Curve DAO token (CRV) is an Ethereum token that is powered by Curve finance. Which can be stated as […]

Introduction Over the years, banks became quite a crucial part of the lifestyle. They provide the best user experience possible. […]

What is MEV? The term MEV was initially proposed by Phil Daian in "Flash Boys 2.0," and it has since […]

This is the last post of our series on stateless Ethereum. Earlier, in the previous articles we have discussed the […]

Our previous article was a depiction of how polynomial commitments can create a disruptive path in building stateless clients in […]

In our previous article we have described what stateless clients are, why they are important and how we can achieve […]

Introduction As discussed in the previous article, Novon is contributing to the blockchain world in the form of research and […]

Introduction: Curve DAO token (CRV) is an Ethereum token that is powered by Curve finance. Which can be stated as […]

Introduction:  The automated market makers are the main protocols of the decentralized exchanges that were first introduced by Uniswap. They […]

Introduction Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs) have gained immense popularity and are considered to be the foundational layer of DeFi. Many blockchain experts […]

Introduction Automated Market Makers (AMMs) have changed the way of exchanging tokens in the world of DeFi. DEXs such as […]

This publication will explore gas tokens and their future. Ethereum & Gas Ethereum Blockchain grabbed people’s attention as a Turing […]

Stablecoins Stablecoins are digital currencies that aim to be non-fluctuating assets similar to regular currencies used across countries to buy […]

Nexus Mutual is a decentralized community-backed insurance platform which uses the blockchain technology to allow people from all over the world to share insurance risk together.

Synthetix is Ethereum-based protocol that allows for the issuance of synthetic assets which are collateralized by the Synthetix Token. Read more

Dai is a cryptocurrency-backed stable coin that can be generated by keeping any asset as a collateral in the protocol. According to the whitepaper of Maker protocol, Dai is a decentralized, unbiased, collateral backed cryptocurrency soft pegged to the US dollar. Read more in this article.

Balancer is a n-dimensional automated market-maker built on top of Ethereum. It allows anyone to create pool or add liquidity to customizable pools and earn trading fees.

Uniswap v3 mitigates the problem of capital inefficien by allowing liquidity providers to concentrate their liquidity. By doing so, they can provide the same liquidity depth as Uniswap v2 within specified price ranges while putting far less capital at risk.

In this publication, we will explore what Uniswap protocol, how it works and we will further take a look at the maths behind the well-known protocol.

TL;DR: In this article, we are gonna discuss what resource pricing in blockchain means and how we can limit and […]

Introduction So what exactly is Lodestar? As the name implies, it is the star that guides our path towards a […]

Introduction I want to share our roller-coaster ride to open-source contribution in Ethereum, which started with exploring the Ethereum client […]

Introduction: Curve DAO token (CRV) is an Ethereum token that is powered by Curve finance. Which can be stated as […]

What is MEV? The term MEV was initially proposed by Phil Daian in "Flash Boys 2.0," and it has since […]

This is the last post of our series on stateless Ethereum. Earlier, in the previous articles we have discussed the […]

Our previous article was a depiction of how polynomial commitments can create a disruptive path in building stateless clients in […]

In our previous article we have described what stateless clients are, why they are important and how we can achieve […]

Introduction As discussed in the previous article, Novon is contributing to the blockchain world in the form of research and […]

Ever wonder why the Ethereum community is challenging the incomprehensible ideas for scalability? Why the researchers are persistently experimenting with […]

Introduction Go-ethereum (also known as geth) is the piece of code, written in Go, that secures the Ethereum network, a […]

This publication will explore gas tokens and their future. Ethereum & Gas Ethereum Blockchain grabbed people’s attention as a Turing […]

About Novon Founded in June 2021, Novon is an in-house research center of Xord. And as a research and development […]

Nexus Mutual is a decentralized community-backed insurance platform which uses the blockchain technology to allow people from all over the world to share insurance risk together.

Synthetix is Ethereum-based protocol that allows for the issuance of synthetic assets which are collateralized by the Synthetix Token. Read more

Dai is a cryptocurrency-backed stable coin that can be generated by keeping any asset as a collateral in the protocol. According to the whitepaper of Maker protocol, Dai is a decentralized, unbiased, collateral backed cryptocurrency soft pegged to the US dollar. Read more in this article.

Chainlink is a fully decentralized oracle network that enables access to real-world data to smart contracts in Blockchain. Read details in our article.

Flash protocol is an on-chain Ethereum Blockchain protocol. The protocol enables users to stake tokens and earn rewards immediately.

In our previous article, we briefly discussed the formation of the Merkle Tree using the Reed Solomon Code. In this […]

Ever wondered how satellite communication works when there is so much noise in the environment? Or how can we still […]

Special thanks to Shakeib Shaida and Zainab Hasan for reviewing my article. Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographically advanced proofs which are […]

STARKs revolves around the idea of computational integrity, which essentially means that the output of a specific computation is correct. […]

Currently at Xord we are researching ZK-SNARKs in depth.  Although Maksym Petkus does an excellent job of explaining why and […]

Introduction In my previous research we discussed about Lattice-based cryptography and now we will use lattice cryptography to built our […]

Introduction: Encryption programs are genuinely designed to destroy the relation between plain text and the corresponding ciphertext. A good encryption […]

Introduction: For the last few years, quantum computers have been in the news and mathematicians and cryptographers are concerned with […]

This is the last post of our series on stateless Ethereum. Earlier, in the previous articles we have discussed the […]

In our previous article we have described what stateless clients are, why they are important and how we can achieve […]

Bitcoin ensures ownership through digital keys, bitcoin addresses, and digital signatures. How do they actually work?

ZK-SNARKs are mostly popular for publicly verifiable computations. They rely on common reference strings (CRS) for proving and verifying. Subversion […]

Special thanks to Shakeib Shaida and Zainab Hasan for reviewing my article. Zero-knowledge proofs are cryptographically advanced proofs which are […]

Introduction Learning zero knowledge can feel like an impossible task, especially for people who have very little exposure to cryptography […]

STARKs revolves around the idea of computational integrity, which essentially means that the output of a specific computation is correct. […]

Currently at Xord we are researching ZK-SNARKs in depth.  Although Maksym Petkus does an excellent job of explaining why and […]

Introduction In my previous research we discussed about Lattice-based cryptography and now we will use lattice cryptography to built our […]

This article is greatly inspired by Vitalik explanation on Quadratic arithmetic programs(QAPs). In this article we are going to take a […]

Introduction: For the last few years, quantum computers have been in the news and mathematicians and cryptographers are concerned with […]

Introduction Over the years, banks became quite a crucial part of the lifestyle. They provide the best user experience possible. […]

This article explores the different types of rollups i.e. Sovereign, enshrined, Smart Contract and settlement Rollups. Click to read more

Optimism is an EVM compatible rollup, which has an upgrading coming out in Q4 of 2022 named Optimism bedrock. Read more in this publication.

Extracting MEV incurs externalities, like increasing the congestion of the network and gas wars which eventually increase gas costs for […]

What is MEV? The term MEV was initially proposed by Phil Daian in "Flash Boys 2.0," and it has since […]

Ethereum is gradually moving towards the rollup-centric roadmap. One of the EIPs, which will help in scaling Ethereum is EIP-4844, popularly known as “Proto-Danksharding.”

This article presents a conceptual and factual dive into the world of DAOs, their merits, and the types of DAOs […]

This article focuses on how the future of the Polygon network is moving towards Zero-Knowledge proofs. Polygon's network has increased […]

So much has been said about Ethereum Fork. Through this article, you will learn beyond the verbal meaning of the […]

This article covers the fundamentals of Defi 2.0 while discovering the need for DeFi 1.0 evolution. Several crypto users are […]

The blockchain trilemma suggests that blockchain cannot achieve scalability, security, and decentralization simultaneously. However, the layer-2 scaling solutions have come to challenge the thought system. It allows the mainchain to take care of security while maintaining scalable networks in its additional layers.

Several industries are beginning to see reasons to build their applications on the concept of the Metaverse. The government is seeking to hold virtual-physical meetings with leaders from around the world and artists are seeing potential in using the Metaverse to hold concerts too.

The Serum is a decentralized exchange system built on the Solana ecosystem to provide unmatched low costs and speedy DeFi transactions. It charges as low as 0.0001 cents for transactions.

It’s almost impossible for developers to create a protocol with these three important ingredients – security, scalability, and decentralization. These […]

Arbitrum serves as a Layer 2 cryptocurrency platform. By implication, the security and protection of the Arbitrum interface and network come from Ethereum itself. 

The Casper Network is a layer 1 Proof-of-Stake blockchain that improves how businesses upgrade new services and products on the blockchain.

The Iron Fish project is a layer 1 blockchain that offers strong privacy transactions and wide expansion to the use of cryptocurrency.

The Loot Project is the first on-chain community-driven NFT metaverse. With 8000 unique loot bags, Loot allows its users to channel their creativity and decide the future of Loot.

Golem is a decentralized cloud computing network built on Ethereum. It allows users to share their redundant computing power, on-demand.

Augur is a global, peer-to-peer, and decentralized market prediction platform built on top of Ethereum developed by Forecast Foundation.

Microsoft ION is a layer 2 DID network running atop the Bitcoin blockchain that allows users to create and authenticate digital identification on the blockchain.

Introduction Today, lending is one of the most important financial activities in society. It fuels economic growth and facilitates commercial […]

Connext is an Ethereum based interoperable platform that enables rapid, noncustodial transfers between Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible chains and layer 2 solutions.

Solana is a web-scale, high performance Blockchain, which aims to achieve high transaction speed without compromising decentralization.

A Cryptocurrency wallet is a digital container that stores public and private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. 

Similar to other network and software upgrades, Ethereum concerns birthed the various hard forks. It ranges from security, centralization, fees, scalability, and other Eth 1.0 limitations.
Read more in this article.

An Exchange Traded Fund(ETF) is a market that holds assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities.

Opyn is a decentralized and capital-efficient protocol that allows users to buy, sell and create Ethereum based options.

OpenSea is the first and largest peer-to-peer marketplace for digital goods to create, buy and sell unique digital assets.

Hegic protocol is the non-custodial, decentralized, and on-chain Option trading platform built on the Ethereum blockchain to speculate Ethereum and Wrapped Bitcoin.

THORChain is a decentralized cross-chain liquidity protocol that allows its users to trade digital assets from one blockchain to another in a frictionless, secured and decentralized manner.

Flow is a fast and decentralized blockchain, built as a foundation for next generation of games, apps and digital assets that power them.

The Opium protocol is a robust and universal platform that allows users to create, settle, and trade decentralized derivatives on Ethereum.

This article covers the fundamentals of Defi 2.0 while discovering the need for DeFi 1.0 evolution. Several crypto users are […]

The Serum is a decentralized exchange system built on the Solana ecosystem to provide unmatched low costs and speedy DeFi transactions. It charges as low as 0.0001 cents for transactions.

Introduction Today, lending is one of the most important financial activities in society. It fuels economic growth and facilitates commercial […]

A Cryptocurrency wallet is a digital container that stores public and private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. 

An Exchange Traded Fund(ETF) is a market that holds assets such as stocks, bonds, currencies and commodities.

Opyn is a decentralized and capital-efficient protocol that allows users to buy, sell and create Ethereum based options.

Hegic protocol is the non-custodial, decentralized, and on-chain Option trading platform built on the Ethereum blockchain to speculate Ethereum and Wrapped Bitcoin.

The Opium protocol is a robust and universal platform that allows users to create, settle, and trade decentralized derivatives on Ethereum.

DeFi Yield Farming is a process to generate rewards from cryptocurrency holdings in a DeFi platform. It is simply a way of allowing your crypto to work for you while you earn passively.

MakerDAO project joins a DAO with another crypto-collateralized stablecoin called DAI. The aim is to build a complete, decentralized finance ecosystem that permits loans and savings on the Ethereum blockchain network.

Curve finance is a decentralized exchange which facilitates the swapping of crypto-tokens. But it is specifically designed for stablecoins like DAI or USDT with low slippage and low transaction fee while using the liquidity pools like those of Uniswap. Read more in this article.

HummingBot is an open-source software client that offers users the opportunity to create and monetize automated and algorithmic trading bots.

Ampleforth is Ethereum based cryptocurrency that can adjust its supply based on demand. It is a stable but flexible currency that can accommodate both inflation and deflation. Read more..

Nexus Mutual is an Ethereum-based decentralized platform that creates insurance products with community-based management and financials. You can also see it as a blockchain-based platform that offers decentralized insurance products. Read more.

Binance is the largest trading platform and decentralized exchange. Here is how Binance ecosystem works and their key features.

Compound Chain is a distributed ledger with the ability to transfer value and liquidity between peer ledgers. It means that Compound Chain allows users to borrow and lend cross-chain assets from different blockchains like Polkadot and Tezos. It will have its own native token called CASH, which will be used to pay for transaction fees on the platform.

Hybrid Cryptocurrency Exchanges adopt the usability and liquidity of centralized platforms and the anonymity and security of decentralized exchanges. Qurrex, Eidoo, and Legolas are some of the rising hybrid crypto trading platforms.

Introduction Decentralized finance (Defi) is arguably the most promising application of Ethereum blockchain, and Compound Defi protocol is taking advantage […]

This case study focuses on the newly introduced UNI tokens and their process of distribution. Uniswap: Uniswap is a decentralize […]

In this article, you will get to know about the Decentralized Finance categories and projects associated with each category. Introduction: […]

The world is shifting and so is finance.
It is said that DeFi is the future of finance and why should it not be?
Having a transparent structure as the foundation of different financial services and products would render people to be in control of their finances. Learn more.

Ethereum is gradually moving towards the rollup-centric roadmap. One of the EIPs, which will help in scaling Ethereum is EIP-4844, popularly known as “Proto-Danksharding.”

The blockchain trilemma suggests that blockchain cannot achieve scalability, security, and decentralization simultaneously. However, the layer-2 scaling solutions have come to challenge the thought system. It allows the mainchain to take care of security while maintaining scalable networks in its additional layers.

The Serum is a decentralized exchange system built on the Solana ecosystem to provide unmatched low costs and speedy DeFi transactions. It charges as low as 0.0001 cents for transactions.

It’s almost impossible for developers to create a protocol with these three important ingredients – security, scalability, and decentralization. These […]

Arbitrum serves as a Layer 2 cryptocurrency platform. By implication, the security and protection of the Arbitrum interface and network come from Ethereum itself. 

The Casper Network is a layer 1 Proof-of-Stake blockchain that improves how businesses upgrade new services and products on the blockchain.

The Iron Fish project is a layer 1 blockchain that offers strong privacy transactions and wide expansion to the use of cryptocurrency.

Solana is a web-scale, high performance Blockchain, which aims to achieve high transaction speed without compromising decentralization.

Similar to other network and software upgrades, Ethereum concerns birthed the various hard forks. It ranges from security, centralization, fees, scalability, and other Eth 1.0 limitations.
Read more in this article.

THORChain is a decentralized cross-chain liquidity protocol that allows its users to trade digital assets from one blockchain to another in a frictionless, secured and decentralized manner.

Flow is a fast and decentralized blockchain, built as a foundation for next generation of games, apps and digital assets that power them.

Overview The Cosmos network aims to build an internet of blockchain to enable blockchain networks to communicate with each other. […]

The Avalanche chain is made up of multiple Blockchain networks. It makes use of a novel proof-of-stake consensus mechanism to reach a high throughput. The platform is estimated to execute more than 4500 transactions per second. According to the team behind the project, Avalanche combines the benefits of “Nakamoto consensus” and “Classical Consensus".

Phantasma Chain is a fast, scalable, and highly secure blockchain network which not only maintains a decentralized governance protocol, it also offers interoperability with other blockchain systems. The innovative mechanism employed by Phantasma Chain such as dual token system and advanced non-fungible tokens (NFTs) makes it possible for users to have digital goods and services. Read more

Ontology Network is a relatively new public blockchain created in 2017 by a Chinese company called OnChain. The Ontology Network is designed to help companies with little or no knowledge of cryptocurrencies to integrate blockchain into their business. Read more

The MultiChain is an extended version of the Bitcoin Core. The node and the wallet are the two main subsystems of MultiChain Architecture.

Multichain allows users to run private Blockchain infrastructure with simple command-lines by integrating APIs. Read more...

This article will give you a detailed insight into the worlds of Hybrid and Federated Blockchain networks. Although the Blockchain […]

"Although Blockchain technology pioneered the decentralization concept, yet the Blockchains could not interact with one another. Polkadot network links specialized Blockchains and enables cross-chain communications to transfer information."

This is the last part of the Azure Blockchain for Enterprise Blockchain Solution series. In the first two parts, we […]

What is Consensus: Consensus in literal terms means agreement. In Blockchain network nodes have to agree on the current state […]

What is TRON? Justin Sun founded TRON back in 2017. It is is a Blockchain platform that aims to become […]

The essence of building Azure Blockchain-based solutions is a 3-Step simple approach for leveraging Blockchain for businesses with easy integration […]

With the emergence of enterprise blockchain, an increasing number of businesses are moving towards the adoption of blockchain for mitigating […]

Blockchain platforms can be public or private, depending on the need of the user. This article will provide you details […]

Blockchains are a powerful concept. They are decentralized trustless peer-to-peer networks enabling the participants to transact without trusting anyone in […]

Blockchain gained massive popularity after the invention of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a public Blockchain network that enables you to transfer […]

Internet today is full of the buzz word "Blockchain", but what is Blockchain? and does it really matter to know […]

Introduction: When the initial release of Blockstack core was announced in 2015, it introduced a new concept of Blockchain over […]

Introduction: Blockstack is a platform with a vision of building a decentralized internet. Users are in control of their identity […]

Blockstack has come up with the new revolutionary idea of a decentralized internet ecosystem, which will excel better in terms […]

Microsoft ION is a layer 2 DID network running atop the Bitcoin blockchain that allows users to create and authenticate digital identification on the blockchain.

ConsenSys Quorum is Ethereum-based decentralized ledger technology. It offers a permissioned way to apply the Ethereum network to support the privacy of contracts. The goal of this Blockchain is to create an enterprise Ethereum client that empowers businesses to adopt and leverage the benefits of Blockchain technology.

We live in a highly digitized world. The Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives. According to […]

Blockchain is a decentralized ledger, that stores information in distributed and incorruptible nodes. Lately, it has been disrupting industries all […]

What is supply chain management? The supply chain management is a process of managing a chain or network of activities, […]

Blockchain platforms can be public or private, depending on the need of the user. This article will provide you details […]

Blockchain gained massive popularity after the invention of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a public Blockchain network that enables you to transfer […]

Blockchain has transformed the system of how we keep records. The first application of blockchain which disrupted the tech industry […]

So much has been said about Ethereum Fork. Through this article, you will learn beyond the verbal meaning of the […]

OpenSea is the first and largest peer-to-peer marketplace for digital goods to create, buy and sell unique digital assets.

Ethereum 2.0 is the next major upgrade on the Ethereum blockchain, and it allows users to stake. This article explains everything you need to know about Ethereum 2.0 and how to stake on Ethereum 2.0.

IPFS is a peer-to-peer distributed file system used to store and access files, websites, applications, etc. Content-addressing is used to identify each file in a global namespace.
Learn to use IPFS by using the command line as well as JavaScript package ipfs-core in th article.

Introduction: In the Introduction to The Graph network part I, we learned about The Graph network, subgraphs, and how The […]

This is the last part of the Azure Blockchain for Enterprise Blockchain Solution series. In the first two parts, we […]

Introduction: Blockstack is a platform with a vision of building a decentralized internet. Users are in control of their identity […]

The essence of building Azure Blockchain-based solutions is a 3-Step simple approach for leveraging Blockchain for businesses with easy integration […]

With the emergence of enterprise blockchain, an increasing number of businesses are moving towards the adoption of blockchain for mitigating […]

Internet today is full of the buzz word "Blockchain", but what is Blockchain? and does it really matter to know […]

Overview This part serves a next step after completing part 1 of the guide. In part 1, we discussed the different […]

There are two ways to go about building applications on Hyperledger Fabric framework. The first method is to use Composer […]

Hyperledger Fabric is an exciting technology and is progressing rapidly with the approach of move fast and break things so […]

Hyperledger Fabric Architecture has the peer ordere, Certificate Authority, Client and Chaicode. Click to read more.

Before we go into discussing the hyperledger Aries client agent development, let's explain hyperledger. Hyperledger is an umbrella project of […]

In this series of articles, we will be discussing what Hyperledger Indy is, what are its main components and architecture, […]

Overview This part serves a next step after completing part 1 of the guide. In part 1, we discussed the different […]

There are two ways to go about building applications on Hyperledger Fabric framework. The first method is to use Composer […]

Hyperledger Fabric is an exciting technology and is progressing rapidly with the approach of move fast and break things so […]